• What was inside these pottery vessels 3,000 years ago?

In Peninsular Malaysia, researchers have found something unexpected preserved in prehistoric pottery: traces of milk.

A new study analysed 15 pottery fragments from three archaeological cave sites—Gua Cha, Gua Kajang and Gua Harimau—using techniques that can identify microscopic traces of foods absorbed into ceramics.

Among the substances detected were caseins and β-lactoglobulin, proteins found in milk. Their presence provides the earliest direct evidence yet reported for dairy processing in equatorial Mainland Southeast Asia, dating to around 3,000 years ago.

Archaeologists have long struggled to establish when farming and animal domestication became part of life in prehistoric Peninsular Malaysia. Unlike sites further north in Southeast Asia, clear evidence of early livestock management and cultivation has been difficult to find here, partly because animal bones and plant remains are often poorly preserved.

The milk proteins suggest that Neolithic communities were processing dairy products thousands of years ago. This does not necessarily mean they were raising dairy animals locally but it provides an important new piece of evidence for understanding food production and consumption in the region.

The researchers also identified traces of plant and animal foods, suggesting that these vessels were used for a variety of food-processing activities.

Reference
Goh et al. 2026. “Pottery residues provide earliest direct evidence for domestication and dairy processing in equatorial Mainland Southeast Asia.” Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 75, 106066.
10.1016/j.jasrep.2026.106066

#SoutheastAsianArchaeology #SEAArch #Archaeology #MalaysiaArchaeology #milk
  • FORTS, FINDS AND FAST BIKES! ⠀
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Archaeology isn
  • This week in Southeast Asian Archaeology:⠀
⠀
💀 What decades of funerary archaeology can tell us about the changing field of bioarchaeology in Indonesia.⠀
⠀
🏛️ Reconstructing the lost palaces of Lý dynasty Đại Việt—and what archaeology at Thăng Long reveals about their architecture.⠀
⠀
🙏 Two devas at Angkor Thom’s Victory Gate get their heads back, complete with an “eye-opening” ceremony.⠀
⠀
🪨 And the Singapore Stone has become Stoney, an absurdly adorable plushie - I want one.⠀
⠀
All that and much more in this week’s Stones, Skeletons and State Rooms.⠀
⠀
#SoutheastAsianArchaeology #Indonesia #Vietnam #Cambodia #Singapore
  • 🏺 CAVES, COMMUNITIES AND CULTURAL MEMORY⠀
⠀
An archaeological site doesn’t stop changing once the excavation ends.⠀
⠀
This week, we look at Ban Chiang through the memories of the people who live there, and at Sri Mahosot, where an ancient landscape remains part of contemporary worship and community identity.⠀
⠀
Also this week:⠀
⠀
🇵🇭 Rescue archaeology at a cave in Romblon⠀
🇮🇩 A possible Kadiri-era site in East Java⠀
🇻🇳 A new forest-and-heritage trail at Mỹ Sơn⠀
🇰🇭 Angkorian Buddhist sculpture⠀
📢 SPAFACON 2027 call for abstracts⠀
💼 New archaeology and heritage jobs⠀
💰 Grants, fellowships and PhD opportunities⠀
⠀
…plus archaeology and heritage stories from across Southeast Asia.⠀
⠀
Caves, Communities and Cultural Memory⠀
Southeast Asian Archaeology Newsletter | 21–27 September 2026⠀
⠀
🔗 Link in bio / southeastasianarchaeology.substack.com⠀
⠀
#Archaeology #SoutheastAsianArchaeology #SoutheastAsia
  • One river in northern Vietnam has yielded a remarkable record of more than 2,000 years of boatbuilding.

From the bed of the Kinh Thầy River at Cầu Bình, researchers documented 23 boat remains, including eight virtually complete logboat hulls and fragments of bows, sterns and planks. Radiocarbon dates place most of them between roughly 700 BCE and 1500 CE. 

Many hulls showed signs of sophisticated work beyond simply hollowing out a tree trunk. The hulls could be widened during manufacture, while wooden thwarts or bulkheads helped maintain their expanded shape. Some boats also carried additional boards along their upper edges, attached through holes with fibre lashings.

Around 2,000 years ago, during the late Đông Sơn and Han periods, several examples reveal another solution: mortise-and-tenon joints locked with wooden dowels. One boat even combined these joints with lashing holes. In later centuries, other Cầu Bình boats were built without this particular system.

This shows that over 2,200 years, boatbuilders used, combined and abandoned different solutions while continuing a long tradition of wooden river craft in the northern Red River Delta.

Reference
Bellwood, Nguyễn, , Lê, Hung, & Calo. 2026. “A 2,200-Year Logboat Sequence (700 BCE–1500 CE) from the Northern Red River Delta, Vietnam.” International Journal of Nautical Archaeology.
DOI: 10.1080/10572414.2026.2717219

#VietnamArchaeology #SoutheastAsianArchaeology #MaritimeArchaeology #NauticalArchaeology #RedRiverDelta
  • 🏺 Palaces, Pots and Porcelain⠀
⠀
Xin Chào! 🇻🇳 It’s a very Vietnam-heavy week in Southeast Asian archaeology: imperial palaces, ceremonial architecture, ancient brick tombs, early tile kilns, Cham heritage and the return of a Đông Sơn bronze drum.⠀
⠀
🔬 New research from Malaysia finds molecular evidence for dairy processing around 3,000 years ago.⠀
⠀
🏺 And in the Philippines, some very unusual earthenware decorated with fragments of Chinese porcelain tells a story about Manila, material culture and the early colonial encounter.⠀
⠀
There’s plenty more from around Southeast Asia in this week’s newsletter.⠀
⠀
Palaces, Pots and Porcelain — read via the link in bio.⠀
⠀
#Archaeology #SoutheastAsianArchaeology #VietnamArchaeology #MalaysiaArchaeology #PhilippineArchaeology
  • A 4.38-metre-long wooden rudder from the west coast of Sumatra is providing a rare glimpse of Southeast Asian seafaring around 1,300 years ago.

The rudder was recovered at the Bongal Site in Central Tapanuli, North Sumatra. Today the site lies inland, but geomorphological research suggests that in the 7th–8th centuries CE it was part of a shallow bay or estuarine environment.

The quarter rudder was carved from a single log and measures 4.38 metres long. Radiocarbon dating of the wood produced a calibrated date of 656–687 CE, making it the earliest securely dated rudder currently known from Southeast Asia.

Researchers also documented hull planks with raised wooden lugs, dowels and surviving palm-fibre ropes. These suggest that parts of these boats were pegged and tied together—a construction method archaeologists call the Southeast Asian lashed-lug tradition. Differences between the surviving planks even suggest that several vessels may have been present. 

Bongal also produced ceramics, glass, beads and coins pointing to connections with much wider exchange networks. The researchers do not argue that the Bongal boats themselves were making long-distance voyages across the Indian Ocean, but propose that locally constructed vessels formed part of a regional maritime network, moving through rivers and along Sumatra’s coast and connecting communities there to broader systems of exchange.

Reference
Mochtar et al. 2026. “Lashed-Lug Boats from the Bongal Site: New Evidence for Early Maritime Networks on the West Coast of Sumatra.” International Journal of Nautical Archaeology.
10.1080/10572414.2026.2714901

#SoutheastAsianArchaeology #Indonesia #Sumatra #MaritimeArchaeology #NauticalArchaeology
  • Betel, Boats and Border Stones is this week’s Southeast Asian Archaeology Newsletter.⠀
⠀
This issue starts with a fascinating new paper on ancient teeth from South Sulawesi, where unusual dental wear may point to the habitual sucking of whole areca nuts by pre-agricultural foragers.⠀
⠀
Then we move from teeth to timbers: lashed-lug boat remains from Bongal on Sumatra’s west coast, including a 7th-century quarter rudder, add new detail to Southeast Asia’s early maritime networks.⠀
⠀
And yes, there are more boats: Phanom Surin in Thailand and the Butuan boat sites in the Philippines both make appearances this week.⠀
⠀
Plus: Preah Vihear, Koh Ker, Prambanan, Đông Sơn drums, repatriation, digital heritage, and more.⠀
⠀
Read the full issue at the link in bio.⠀
⠀
#SoutheastAsianArchaeology #Archaeology #MaritimeArchaeology
  • People in Sulawesi may have been habitually using a neuroactive plant as far back as 25,000–16,000 years ago.

A new study in Science Advances examines two preagricultural foragers from South Sulawesi, Indonesia, separated by thousands of years but sharing an unusual dental pattern: deep, rounded, circumferential wear that does not match ordinary chewing. The researchers argue that the wear formed through repeatedly holding, sucking or gently gnawing a small, hard object in different parts of the mouth. 

Using LC-MS, the team detected arecoline—a characteristic alkaloid of areca, or “betel”, nut—in dental samples from both individuals. One came from Leang Bulu Bettue and dates to 25–16 ka; the other, from Leang Cappalombo 1, is associated with deposits dating to around 7.6–6.3 ka. 

This was probably not betel chewing in the form familiar today. Modern betel quid typically combines processed areca nut with slaked lime and other ingredients. To test whether a simpler practice was plausible, the researchers soaked intact areca nuts and applied the resulting solutions to cells expressing human receptors. The experiments showed that intact nuts could release physiologically active arecoline without slaked lime. Combined with the dental wear, chemical residues and experiments support the authors’ interpretation that these foragers habitually sucked whole areca nuts.

For now, the sample is just two individuals, and psuggestions that the nuts were used for stimulation, pain relief or medicinal purposes remain hypotheses. What the study does show is that habitual neuroactive plant use may reach far deeper into the hunter-gatherer past than the archaeological record had previously demonstrated. 

Reference
Brumm et al. 2026. “Betel nut sucking is the earliest recorded evidence for the habitual use of a neuroactive plant drug.” Science Advances.
10.1126/sciadv.aei1901

#SoutheastAsianArchaeology #Sulawesi #IndonesiaArchaeology #Prehistory #BetelNut
  • Twenty-two small beads can preserve the traces of a much larger world of movement and exchange.

A new archaeometric study examines beads excavated in 2023 at Khok Phithak, within the ancient city of Khu Bua in Ratchaburi, central Thailand. Khu Bua was an important urban centre associated with the Dvaravatī cultural sphere, enclosed by earthen ramparts and moats and situated within the Mae Klong river system. 

The researchers analysed 21 glass beads and one chalcedony/agate bead, combining microscopic observations with VP-SEM-EDS, LA-ICP-MS and micro-Raman spectroscopy. Manufacturing traces—including axial colour streaks and elongated bubbles—indicate that most of the glass beads were made by drawing glass into tubes or canes before cutting them into individual beads. 

Their chemistry indicates that nineteen beads belong to the m-Na-Al-1 glass subgroup, consistent with glassmaking traditions documented in South Asia, particularly the wider technological sphere of southern India and Sri Lanka. Together with their manufacturing technique, the authors associate these beads with the large-scale Indo-Pacific beadmaking tradition. 

However, one blue bead, B014, is made from plant-ash soda–lime glass with a broad western Asian affinity—although the study cannot identify a specific production centre. Another remarkable bead, B007, appears to have been wound from recycled iron-smelting slag, suggesting an entirely different production history.

Rather than evidence for primary glassmaking at Khu Bua itself, the authors interpret the assemblage as reflecting an inland centre of consumption and possibly redistribution, connected through maritime and riverine networks to much wider systems of Indian Ocean exchange. 

Reference
Risteka et al. 2026. “Production Technology and Provenance of Dvaravatī Glass Beads from Khu Bua, Central Thailand: An Archaeometric Study.” Heritage 9, 347.
10.3390/heritage9090347

#SoutheastAsianArchaeology #ThailandArchaeology #Dvaravati #KhuBua #ancienttrade
Wednesday, October 21, 2026
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Pole photography for archaeology – Part 3: Parts List

25 November 2009
in Featured, Personal
Tags: aerial archaeologygeneral archaeologymaps and mappingNotes from the Fieldphotography
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You’ve seen the polecam in action in the last post, in this post we’ll take a closer look at the polecam rig, the parts I used and the factors I considered for each part. Hopefully this information will be useful if you need some ideas about how to make a pole camera setup.



1. A Pole
Well, you can’t do pole photography without a pole! The pole I used was a telescopic fibreglass pole by Hastings. The pole extends to 30′, and has a collapsed length of 66″. The pole weighs about 11lbs (5kg) which is not too unmanageable, especially if you attach a strap to the body and haul it over your shoulder. I even managed to carry it onto a city bus and also in to a Perodua Kancil, one of the smallest cars in Malaysia. The individual sections of the pole has little pegs that lock in place, which was one of the main reasons I got it, but on hindsight that might not have been such a good thing (you’ll see why in my next post). The other appeal for the Hastings Hotstick was the customisable heads that can turn at 30-degree angles. This allows me to tilt the camera 90 degrees to take portrait shots, as well as angle the heads to take the overhead aerial shots. The other poles I considered was the wonderpole (no head), this telescopic antenna mast (too long when collapsed), an a giant Manfrotto tripod (at 24′ it was too short for my requirements, a little heavy at 24lbs, but it had a built in tripod which would have been really useful).

2. Camera
The other important component of the polecam of course is the camera – in this case, a Canon G11. The G11 is a prosumer compact camera that has many of the functions of a DSLR. What I was really looking for was the ability to shoot in raw (as in raw data recorded by the camera’s sensor, opposed to the JPEGs that are pre-compressed). I also appreciated greatly this model’s articulating LCD screen which in some cases stood in for an external video monitor. The movable screen was really handy especially because it was hard to move the entire camera when it was being tethered to the end of a 6-foot pole. The downside of this camera for me was the not-wide-enough angle of the lens; compared to other cameras of its class, it was relatively more heavy (13 ounces). Other cameras you might want to consider using for your polecam is the Lumix LX3 by Panasonic, which is about half the weight and apparently a favourite among pole aerial photographers, or the Pentax Optio which has the advantage of being both light and waterproof, and also the Nikon Coolpix P6000, that at 28mm is even less wide than the G11, but has the advantage of inbuilt GPS.

The camera was attached to the pole in two parts – first, I used the GPS antenna attachment for the hastings pole, which had a 5/8″ head. I the connected this attachment to the camera using this 5/8″ to 1/4″ adapter.

3. Wireless Remote
The wireless remote was a little more tricky, because the usual infra-red remotes only have a range of five metres or 15′. For a period I was toying around with the idea of a really long USB cable, but the maximum effective distance a cable can carry a signal is also about 5 metres. Fortunately, there are quite a few third-party radio-frequency wireless remotes out there, with far longer ranges than the IR ones. This remote that I used has a range of 80m – more than adequate for my 10m requirement – and can be attached to the camera’s hotshoe or another 1/4″ screw thread.

4. Video monitor
I guess the video camera and monitor is strictly optional – if you didn’t mind adjusting the camera, raising the pole, shooting, collapsing and rechecking the shot every time. I think given enough practice, it would be possible to use the pole without a visual aid. I didn’t have this luxury, so I found a baby monitor and wireless camera from an electronics store. The camera was about the size of my finger and had a narrower frame of view than the camera; so if I could see it on the monitor, I could definitely capture it on the camera. There were still a couple of drawbacks with this system; if I used the camera zoom, the accuracy of the video feed was less effective so the video cam was only good for the wide shots. The second drawback – a major one – was the battery life of the camera itself – it only lasted half an hour! With that amount of time, you might be able to get one or two different locations, maybe three if you’re experienced. I might consider powering the camera directly with batteries, but this would add extra weight onto the rig, which would make it harder to control at the higher elevations.

5. Fasteners
Finally, the glue that holds everything together – or making sure that your thousand-dollar investment doesn’t fall off and shatter to pieces! I used a number of small gadgets to fasten the entire rig to the main pole, all of which I got from the hardware store. You probably would have noticed that the video camera was attached to the main camera using nothing but blu-tack and rubber bands. I was quite surprised that it held as well as it did, but it was pretty steady throughout the whole field test. Because the hotshoe space was used up by the video camera, the receiver for the wireless remote was attached to the side of the pole using a small gorillapod and then wired to the camera. Finally, the wire and the camera strap were fastened onto the pole using a ring clamp. The ring clamp acted as an insurance policy just in case the 5/8″-1/4″ adapter ever got dislodged. In reality, nothing in the rig ever came apart during the field test, although the adapter had to be tightened every now and then.

And that’s how I assembled my polecam. In the next post, the last of the series, I end off with some evaluative notes about the operation of the polecam, how it measured up against my requirements and show off my bleeding fingers. =D

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Comments 5

  1. Ann says:
    17 years ago

    LMAO on the Gorillapod. This is the best use of it I’ve seen up to now! Good solution with the babycam though, will suggest that to my kite-flying friend.

    Ann

  2. Andrew says:
    17 years ago

    Very Nice. I do a fair amount of clambering up tree’s to get aerial shots.

    I could save a lot of twig bashing using that device.

    What was the total cost (exclusive of the digicam)

  3. noelbynature says:
    17 years ago

    Thanks. I have a cost breakdown in my fourth and final post, coming up in about an hour’s time!

  4. noelbynature says:
    17 years ago

    Thanks Jonah! Merry Christmas and Happy New Year to you too!

  5. Jim says:
    17 years ago

    Hey,

    Just ran across this and thought folks may be interested in this:

    http://lightroomers.com/the-polester/871/

    Good luck above and beyond!

    Jim

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