• What was inside these pottery vessels 3,000 years ago?

In Peninsular Malaysia, researchers have found something unexpected preserved in prehistoric pottery: traces of milk.

A new study analysed 15 pottery fragments from three archaeological cave sites—Gua Cha, Gua Kajang and Gua Harimau—using techniques that can identify microscopic traces of foods absorbed into ceramics.

Among the substances detected were caseins and β-lactoglobulin, proteins found in milk. Their presence provides the earliest direct evidence yet reported for dairy processing in equatorial Mainland Southeast Asia, dating to around 3,000 years ago.

Archaeologists have long struggled to establish when farming and animal domestication became part of life in prehistoric Peninsular Malaysia. Unlike sites further north in Southeast Asia, clear evidence of early livestock management and cultivation has been difficult to find here, partly because animal bones and plant remains are often poorly preserved.

The milk proteins suggest that Neolithic communities were processing dairy products thousands of years ago. This does not necessarily mean they were raising dairy animals locally but it provides an important new piece of evidence for understanding food production and consumption in the region.

The researchers also identified traces of plant and animal foods, suggesting that these vessels were used for a variety of food-processing activities.

Reference
Goh et al. 2026. “Pottery residues provide earliest direct evidence for domestication and dairy processing in equatorial Mainland Southeast Asia.” Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 75, 106066.
10.1016/j.jasrep.2026.106066

#SoutheastAsianArchaeology #SEAArch #Archaeology #MalaysiaArchaeology #milk
  • FORTS, FINDS AND FAST BIKES! ⠀
⠀
Archaeology isn
  • This week in Southeast Asian Archaeology:⠀
⠀
💀 What decades of funerary archaeology can tell us about the changing field of bioarchaeology in Indonesia.⠀
⠀
🏛️ Reconstructing the lost palaces of Lý dynasty Đại Việt—and what archaeology at Thăng Long reveals about their architecture.⠀
⠀
🙏 Two devas at Angkor Thom’s Victory Gate get their heads back, complete with an “eye-opening” ceremony.⠀
⠀
🪨 And the Singapore Stone has become Stoney, an absurdly adorable plushie - I want one.⠀
⠀
All that and much more in this week’s Stones, Skeletons and State Rooms.⠀
⠀
#SoutheastAsianArchaeology #Indonesia #Vietnam #Cambodia #Singapore
  • 🏺 CAVES, COMMUNITIES AND CULTURAL MEMORY⠀
⠀
An archaeological site doesn’t stop changing once the excavation ends.⠀
⠀
This week, we look at Ban Chiang through the memories of the people who live there, and at Sri Mahosot, where an ancient landscape remains part of contemporary worship and community identity.⠀
⠀
Also this week:⠀
⠀
🇵🇭 Rescue archaeology at a cave in Romblon⠀
🇮🇩 A possible Kadiri-era site in East Java⠀
🇻🇳 A new forest-and-heritage trail at Mỹ Sơn⠀
🇰🇭 Angkorian Buddhist sculpture⠀
📢 SPAFACON 2027 call for abstracts⠀
💼 New archaeology and heritage jobs⠀
💰 Grants, fellowships and PhD opportunities⠀
⠀
…plus archaeology and heritage stories from across Southeast Asia.⠀
⠀
Caves, Communities and Cultural Memory⠀
Southeast Asian Archaeology Newsletter | 21–27 September 2026⠀
⠀
🔗 Link in bio / southeastasianarchaeology.substack.com⠀
⠀
#Archaeology #SoutheastAsianArchaeology #SoutheastAsia
  • One river in northern Vietnam has yielded a remarkable record of more than 2,000 years of boatbuilding.

From the bed of the Kinh Thầy River at Cầu Bình, researchers documented 23 boat remains, including eight virtually complete logboat hulls and fragments of bows, sterns and planks. Radiocarbon dates place most of them between roughly 700 BCE and 1500 CE. 

Many hulls showed signs of sophisticated work beyond simply hollowing out a tree trunk. The hulls could be widened during manufacture, while wooden thwarts or bulkheads helped maintain their expanded shape. Some boats also carried additional boards along their upper edges, attached through holes with fibre lashings.

Around 2,000 years ago, during the late Đông Sơn and Han periods, several examples reveal another solution: mortise-and-tenon joints locked with wooden dowels. One boat even combined these joints with lashing holes. In later centuries, other Cầu Bình boats were built without this particular system.

This shows that over 2,200 years, boatbuilders used, combined and abandoned different solutions while continuing a long tradition of wooden river craft in the northern Red River Delta.

Reference
Bellwood, Nguyễn, , Lê, Hung, & Calo. 2026. “A 2,200-Year Logboat Sequence (700 BCE–1500 CE) from the Northern Red River Delta, Vietnam.” International Journal of Nautical Archaeology.
DOI: 10.1080/10572414.2026.2717219

#VietnamArchaeology #SoutheastAsianArchaeology #MaritimeArchaeology #NauticalArchaeology #RedRiverDelta
  • 🏺 Palaces, Pots and Porcelain⠀
⠀
Xin Chào! 🇻🇳 It’s a very Vietnam-heavy week in Southeast Asian archaeology: imperial palaces, ceremonial architecture, ancient brick tombs, early tile kilns, Cham heritage and the return of a Đông Sơn bronze drum.⠀
⠀
🔬 New research from Malaysia finds molecular evidence for dairy processing around 3,000 years ago.⠀
⠀
🏺 And in the Philippines, some very unusual earthenware decorated with fragments of Chinese porcelain tells a story about Manila, material culture and the early colonial encounter.⠀
⠀
There’s plenty more from around Southeast Asia in this week’s newsletter.⠀
⠀
Palaces, Pots and Porcelain — read via the link in bio.⠀
⠀
#Archaeology #SoutheastAsianArchaeology #VietnamArchaeology #MalaysiaArchaeology #PhilippineArchaeology
  • A 4.38-metre-long wooden rudder from the west coast of Sumatra is providing a rare glimpse of Southeast Asian seafaring around 1,300 years ago.

The rudder was recovered at the Bongal Site in Central Tapanuli, North Sumatra. Today the site lies inland, but geomorphological research suggests that in the 7th–8th centuries CE it was part of a shallow bay or estuarine environment.

The quarter rudder was carved from a single log and measures 4.38 metres long. Radiocarbon dating of the wood produced a calibrated date of 656–687 CE, making it the earliest securely dated rudder currently known from Southeast Asia.

Researchers also documented hull planks with raised wooden lugs, dowels and surviving palm-fibre ropes. These suggest that parts of these boats were pegged and tied together—a construction method archaeologists call the Southeast Asian lashed-lug tradition. Differences between the surviving planks even suggest that several vessels may have been present. 

Bongal also produced ceramics, glass, beads and coins pointing to connections with much wider exchange networks. The researchers do not argue that the Bongal boats themselves were making long-distance voyages across the Indian Ocean, but propose that locally constructed vessels formed part of a regional maritime network, moving through rivers and along Sumatra’s coast and connecting communities there to broader systems of exchange.

Reference
Mochtar et al. 2026. “Lashed-Lug Boats from the Bongal Site: New Evidence for Early Maritime Networks on the West Coast of Sumatra.” International Journal of Nautical Archaeology.
10.1080/10572414.2026.2714901

#SoutheastAsianArchaeology #Indonesia #Sumatra #MaritimeArchaeology #NauticalArchaeology
  • Betel, Boats and Border Stones is this week’s Southeast Asian Archaeology Newsletter.⠀
⠀
This issue starts with a fascinating new paper on ancient teeth from South Sulawesi, where unusual dental wear may point to the habitual sucking of whole areca nuts by pre-agricultural foragers.⠀
⠀
Then we move from teeth to timbers: lashed-lug boat remains from Bongal on Sumatra’s west coast, including a 7th-century quarter rudder, add new detail to Southeast Asia’s early maritime networks.⠀
⠀
And yes, there are more boats: Phanom Surin in Thailand and the Butuan boat sites in the Philippines both make appearances this week.⠀
⠀
Plus: Preah Vihear, Koh Ker, Prambanan, Đông Sơn drums, repatriation, digital heritage, and more.⠀
⠀
Read the full issue at the link in bio.⠀
⠀
#SoutheastAsianArchaeology #Archaeology #MaritimeArchaeology
  • People in Sulawesi may have been habitually using a neuroactive plant as far back as 25,000–16,000 years ago.

A new study in Science Advances examines two preagricultural foragers from South Sulawesi, Indonesia, separated by thousands of years but sharing an unusual dental pattern: deep, rounded, circumferential wear that does not match ordinary chewing. The researchers argue that the wear formed through repeatedly holding, sucking or gently gnawing a small, hard object in different parts of the mouth. 

Using LC-MS, the team detected arecoline—a characteristic alkaloid of areca, or “betel”, nut—in dental samples from both individuals. One came from Leang Bulu Bettue and dates to 25–16 ka; the other, from Leang Cappalombo 1, is associated with deposits dating to around 7.6–6.3 ka. 

This was probably not betel chewing in the form familiar today. Modern betel quid typically combines processed areca nut with slaked lime and other ingredients. To test whether a simpler practice was plausible, the researchers soaked intact areca nuts and applied the resulting solutions to cells expressing human receptors. The experiments showed that intact nuts could release physiologically active arecoline without slaked lime. Combined with the dental wear, chemical residues and experiments support the authors’ interpretation that these foragers habitually sucked whole areca nuts.

For now, the sample is just two individuals, and psuggestions that the nuts were used for stimulation, pain relief or medicinal purposes remain hypotheses. What the study does show is that habitual neuroactive plant use may reach far deeper into the hunter-gatherer past than the archaeological record had previously demonstrated. 

Reference
Brumm et al. 2026. “Betel nut sucking is the earliest recorded evidence for the habitual use of a neuroactive plant drug.” Science Advances.
10.1126/sciadv.aei1901

#SoutheastAsianArchaeology #Sulawesi #IndonesiaArchaeology #Prehistory #BetelNut
  • Twenty-two small beads can preserve the traces of a much larger world of movement and exchange.

A new archaeometric study examines beads excavated in 2023 at Khok Phithak, within the ancient city of Khu Bua in Ratchaburi, central Thailand. Khu Bua was an important urban centre associated with the Dvaravatī cultural sphere, enclosed by earthen ramparts and moats and situated within the Mae Klong river system. 

The researchers analysed 21 glass beads and one chalcedony/agate bead, combining microscopic observations with VP-SEM-EDS, LA-ICP-MS and micro-Raman spectroscopy. Manufacturing traces—including axial colour streaks and elongated bubbles—indicate that most of the glass beads were made by drawing glass into tubes or canes before cutting them into individual beads. 

Their chemistry indicates that nineteen beads belong to the m-Na-Al-1 glass subgroup, consistent with glassmaking traditions documented in South Asia, particularly the wider technological sphere of southern India and Sri Lanka. Together with their manufacturing technique, the authors associate these beads with the large-scale Indo-Pacific beadmaking tradition. 

However, one blue bead, B014, is made from plant-ash soda–lime glass with a broad western Asian affinity—although the study cannot identify a specific production centre. Another remarkable bead, B007, appears to have been wound from recycled iron-smelting slag, suggesting an entirely different production history.

Rather than evidence for primary glassmaking at Khu Bua itself, the authors interpret the assemblage as reflecting an inland centre of consumption and possibly redistribution, connected through maritime and riverine networks to much wider systems of Indian Ocean exchange. 

Reference
Risteka et al. 2026. “Production Technology and Provenance of Dvaravatī Glass Beads from Khu Bua, Central Thailand: An Archaeometric Study.” Heritage 9, 347.
10.3390/heritage9090347

#SoutheastAsianArchaeology #ThailandArchaeology #Dvaravati #KhuBua #ancienttrade
Wednesday, October 21, 2026
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Call for papers: Waters in South and Southeast Asia

5 August 2008
in Indonesia
Tags: beadscall for papersconferencesSouth and Southeast Asian Association for the Study of Culture and ReligionSouth AsiaUniversitas Hindu Indonesia (university)
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Waters in South and Southeast Asia: Interaction of Culture and Religion
3rd SSEASR Conference, Bali Island, Indonesia June 3-6, 2009
For updated information, visit SSEASR
A Regional Conference of the IAHR, member CIPSH under the auspices of the UNESCO organised by
South and Southeast Asian Association for the Study of Culture and Religion in collaboration with
Institut Seni Indonesia (ISI) Universitas Hindu Indonesia (UNHI), Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia

Religion is a term which encompasses almost every part of our life. Whether it is our culture, language and literature, history or civilization, social behaviour or understanding of the humanity, religion shapes us. The common inherent traits shared by our various civilisations in the past three millennia make the region of south and Southeast Asia a role model of co-existence where the external elements get accepted adjusted, absorbed and honoured.

Our region has the largest number of inhabited zones, nations and geographical entities which has been contacted and connected with water. This unique situation of constant inter-relation, harmony and co-existence has been provided to us by the huge masses of waters in and around our living place. River to river (such as Mekong) and sea to sea (Arabian Sea to the Indonesian seas), crossing of the waters has not only carried the merchandise from port to port but also religions, faiths, socio-cultural elements, art schools and what not. Three great rivers-the Mekong, the Menam and the Irrawaddy and their giant deltas embrace the states of mainland Southeast Asia. Alongside these
arteries of the local material life numerous towns, villages and peoples have flourished. Similar was the scene in south Asia with Indus, Ganga and Brahmaputra. Trade and religion often went together. Since the time of pre-history, exchanges have taken place as evidenced in the carnelian beads of Indian origin and the images of Hindu-Buddhist deities found in archaeological excavations along the coastlines in Southeast Asia. With such trade links over waters, several religious ideas were carried afar. Indigenous belief system in unknown land, and rites and rituals from all sorts of arriving religions
intermingled with each other. Ethnic groups through such regular interaction were exposed to several religious concepts, ritual practices, and related symbols. Thus also grew centres of pilgrimage based on the concept of tirtha( literally meaning banks of rivers), devotion and socio-religious practices among the masses, water related rites. It also led to the evolution of the concept of Agama Tirtha (religion of holy water) in Southeast Asia. Thus was shaped the concept of sacredness, It was the “waters” which facilitated all of them.

Our South and Southeast Asia does not have only one third of the total world population, but also the largest number of islands, rivers, water channels, straits and early water management (such as that of Harappans at Dholavira and Khmers in Angkor).This very role of waters in creating links between various cultures and subcultures of South and Southeast Asia through river channels, straits, and seas is being highlighted by the 3rd SSEASR Conference to be held in Indonesia at Bali in June 2009.
Indonesia referred to by its people as Tanah Air Kita, which means Our Land and Water, is the most suitable country to host a first-ever academic based culture and religion conference on water. Its geographical makeup consisting of 18,108 islands with a total land mass of 1.91 million square kilometers connected by six seas covering more than 3 million square kilometers, Indonesia is set to witness your learned presentation at an island called Bali. The two large universities in Bali, viz., the Institut Seni Indoensia(ISI) and Universitas Hindu Indonesia(UNHI) have joined together to host this 3rd SSEASR Conference which has been also declared as an IAHR Conference for the year 2009.

Session and paper proposals dealing with the study of this phenomenon through various academic disciplines are invited. The papers can be submitted on the following suggested sub-themes (but not limited to these only) include:

  • Rivers: Routes, Rites, Rituals and Sacredness
  • Ports and Peoples in South and Southeast Asia
  • Religion, Faith and Beliefs in Island Southeast Asia
  • Mainland Southeast Asia: Water and Symbolism
  • Culture and Religions along the Rivers
  • Religious Trends and Patterns of Life in South and Southeast Asia
  • Maritime Routes and Religious Links in South and Southeast Asia
  • The Indonesian Waters and the Malay World: Syncretism and Society
  • Islam: Trade and Traditions
  • Hinduism and Buddhism across the Seas
  • Christianity: Spread and Localisation
  • Art and Religion in Jambudvipa and Beyond
  • Religious Languages, Texts and Literature
  • Pilgrimage: Concepts and Centres
  • Diaspora Overseas

Other papers are also welcomed covering the study of culture and religion in the region.
We also plan to host special symposia related to Religion and Science, the Role of Women in Religions, etc.

Note:
The SSEASR operates under the policies and principles of the parent body International Association for
the History of Religions (IAHR), which seeks to promote the activities of all scholars and affiliates that
contribute to the historical, social, and comparative study of religion. As such, the IAHR is the
preeminent international forum for the critical, analytical and cross-cultural study of religion, past and
present. The IAHR is not a forum for confessional, apologetical, or other similar concerns.ʺ
There would be a subsidised post-conference tour of Borobudur Stupa and Prambanam
Temples, Yogyakarta. Other details regarding the accommodation, the amount of
registration fees and the mode of payment would be announced very soon. For details,
please visit the website www.sseasr.org or email us at thirdSSEASR@hotmail.com or
secretariat@sseasr.org

Important Deadlines
Pre-Registration: October 30, 2008
Early Registration Deadline: December 30, 2008
Submission of Abstract: February 15, 2009

Prof I Wayan Rai
Rektor, ISI

Dr Amarjiva Lochan
President, SSEASR

Prof I BG Yudha Triguna
Rektor, UNHI

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Comments 2

  1. M.Mujab says:
    18 years ago

    To the director of SEAARCH

    Respecter Sir,

    I would like to know further about your next seminar agenda, please send me by e-mail with detil informations. I’m really interrested in joining your nex programme.

    sincerely yours

    M.Mujab, Ph.D
    lecturer of history of Islamic Civilization in State Islamic University (UIN), Malang, East Java, Indonesia

  2. ven.rubel shraman says:
    18 years ago

    dear sir,i am ven.rubel shraman.how are you.i am fine.sir i study in monk university of thailand.so i visit to your canfarence halp me please.give me you canfarence details.i weating for your send emill.thank you very mach.

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