• What was inside these pottery vessels 3,000 years ago?

In Peninsular Malaysia, researchers have found something unexpected preserved in prehistoric pottery: traces of milk.

A new study analysed 15 pottery fragments from three archaeological cave sites—Gua Cha, Gua Kajang and Gua Harimau—using techniques that can identify microscopic traces of foods absorbed into ceramics.

Among the substances detected were caseins and β-lactoglobulin, proteins found in milk. Their presence provides the earliest direct evidence yet reported for dairy processing in equatorial Mainland Southeast Asia, dating to around 3,000 years ago.

Archaeologists have long struggled to establish when farming and animal domestication became part of life in prehistoric Peninsular Malaysia. Unlike sites further north in Southeast Asia, clear evidence of early livestock management and cultivation has been difficult to find here, partly because animal bones and plant remains are often poorly preserved.

The milk proteins suggest that Neolithic communities were processing dairy products thousands of years ago. This does not necessarily mean they were raising dairy animals locally but it provides an important new piece of evidence for understanding food production and consumption in the region.

The researchers also identified traces of plant and animal foods, suggesting that these vessels were used for a variety of food-processing activities.

Reference
Goh et al. 2026. “Pottery residues provide earliest direct evidence for domestication and dairy processing in equatorial Mainland Southeast Asia.” Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 75, 106066.
10.1016/j.jasrep.2026.106066

#SoutheastAsianArchaeology #SEAArch #Archaeology #MalaysiaArchaeology #milk
  • FORTS, FINDS AND FAST BIKES! ⠀
⠀
Archaeology isn
  • This week in Southeast Asian Archaeology:⠀
⠀
💀 What decades of funerary archaeology can tell us about the changing field of bioarchaeology in Indonesia.⠀
⠀
🏛️ Reconstructing the lost palaces of Lý dynasty Đại Việt—and what archaeology at Thăng Long reveals about their architecture.⠀
⠀
🙏 Two devas at Angkor Thom’s Victory Gate get their heads back, complete with an “eye-opening” ceremony.⠀
⠀
🪨 And the Singapore Stone has become Stoney, an absurdly adorable plushie - I want one.⠀
⠀
All that and much more in this week’s Stones, Skeletons and State Rooms.⠀
⠀
#SoutheastAsianArchaeology #Indonesia #Vietnam #Cambodia #Singapore
  • 🏺 CAVES, COMMUNITIES AND CULTURAL MEMORY⠀
⠀
An archaeological site doesn’t stop changing once the excavation ends.⠀
⠀
This week, we look at Ban Chiang through the memories of the people who live there, and at Sri Mahosot, where an ancient landscape remains part of contemporary worship and community identity.⠀
⠀
Also this week:⠀
⠀
🇵🇭 Rescue archaeology at a cave in Romblon⠀
🇮🇩 A possible Kadiri-era site in East Java⠀
🇻🇳 A new forest-and-heritage trail at Mỹ Sơn⠀
🇰🇭 Angkorian Buddhist sculpture⠀
📢 SPAFACON 2027 call for abstracts⠀
💼 New archaeology and heritage jobs⠀
💰 Grants, fellowships and PhD opportunities⠀
⠀
…plus archaeology and heritage stories from across Southeast Asia.⠀
⠀
Caves, Communities and Cultural Memory⠀
Southeast Asian Archaeology Newsletter | 21–27 September 2026⠀
⠀
🔗 Link in bio / southeastasianarchaeology.substack.com⠀
⠀
#Archaeology #SoutheastAsianArchaeology #SoutheastAsia
  • One river in northern Vietnam has yielded a remarkable record of more than 2,000 years of boatbuilding.

From the bed of the Kinh Thầy River at Cầu Bình, researchers documented 23 boat remains, including eight virtually complete logboat hulls and fragments of bows, sterns and planks. Radiocarbon dates place most of them between roughly 700 BCE and 1500 CE. 

Many hulls showed signs of sophisticated work beyond simply hollowing out a tree trunk. The hulls could be widened during manufacture, while wooden thwarts or bulkheads helped maintain their expanded shape. Some boats also carried additional boards along their upper edges, attached through holes with fibre lashings.

Around 2,000 years ago, during the late Đông Sơn and Han periods, several examples reveal another solution: mortise-and-tenon joints locked with wooden dowels. One boat even combined these joints with lashing holes. In later centuries, other Cầu Bình boats were built without this particular system.

This shows that over 2,200 years, boatbuilders used, combined and abandoned different solutions while continuing a long tradition of wooden river craft in the northern Red River Delta.

Reference
Bellwood, Nguyễn, , Lê, Hung, & Calo. 2026. “A 2,200-Year Logboat Sequence (700 BCE–1500 CE) from the Northern Red River Delta, Vietnam.” International Journal of Nautical Archaeology.
DOI: 10.1080/10572414.2026.2717219

#VietnamArchaeology #SoutheastAsianArchaeology #MaritimeArchaeology #NauticalArchaeology #RedRiverDelta
  • 🏺 Palaces, Pots and Porcelain⠀
⠀
Xin Chào! 🇻🇳 It’s a very Vietnam-heavy week in Southeast Asian archaeology: imperial palaces, ceremonial architecture, ancient brick tombs, early tile kilns, Cham heritage and the return of a Đông Sơn bronze drum.⠀
⠀
🔬 New research from Malaysia finds molecular evidence for dairy processing around 3,000 years ago.⠀
⠀
🏺 And in the Philippines, some very unusual earthenware decorated with fragments of Chinese porcelain tells a story about Manila, material culture and the early colonial encounter.⠀
⠀
There’s plenty more from around Southeast Asia in this week’s newsletter.⠀
⠀
Palaces, Pots and Porcelain — read via the link in bio.⠀
⠀
#Archaeology #SoutheastAsianArchaeology #VietnamArchaeology #MalaysiaArchaeology #PhilippineArchaeology
  • A 4.38-metre-long wooden rudder from the west coast of Sumatra is providing a rare glimpse of Southeast Asian seafaring around 1,300 years ago.

The rudder was recovered at the Bongal Site in Central Tapanuli, North Sumatra. Today the site lies inland, but geomorphological research suggests that in the 7th–8th centuries CE it was part of a shallow bay or estuarine environment.

The quarter rudder was carved from a single log and measures 4.38 metres long. Radiocarbon dating of the wood produced a calibrated date of 656–687 CE, making it the earliest securely dated rudder currently known from Southeast Asia.

Researchers also documented hull planks with raised wooden lugs, dowels and surviving palm-fibre ropes. These suggest that parts of these boats were pegged and tied together—a construction method archaeologists call the Southeast Asian lashed-lug tradition. Differences between the surviving planks even suggest that several vessels may have been present. 

Bongal also produced ceramics, glass, beads and coins pointing to connections with much wider exchange networks. The researchers do not argue that the Bongal boats themselves were making long-distance voyages across the Indian Ocean, but propose that locally constructed vessels formed part of a regional maritime network, moving through rivers and along Sumatra’s coast and connecting communities there to broader systems of exchange.

Reference
Mochtar et al. 2026. “Lashed-Lug Boats from the Bongal Site: New Evidence for Early Maritime Networks on the West Coast of Sumatra.” International Journal of Nautical Archaeology.
10.1080/10572414.2026.2714901

#SoutheastAsianArchaeology #Indonesia #Sumatra #MaritimeArchaeology #NauticalArchaeology
  • Betel, Boats and Border Stones is this week’s Southeast Asian Archaeology Newsletter.⠀
⠀
This issue starts with a fascinating new paper on ancient teeth from South Sulawesi, where unusual dental wear may point to the habitual sucking of whole areca nuts by pre-agricultural foragers.⠀
⠀
Then we move from teeth to timbers: lashed-lug boat remains from Bongal on Sumatra’s west coast, including a 7th-century quarter rudder, add new detail to Southeast Asia’s early maritime networks.⠀
⠀
And yes, there are more boats: Phanom Surin in Thailand and the Butuan boat sites in the Philippines both make appearances this week.⠀
⠀
Plus: Preah Vihear, Koh Ker, Prambanan, Đông Sơn drums, repatriation, digital heritage, and more.⠀
⠀
Read the full issue at the link in bio.⠀
⠀
#SoutheastAsianArchaeology #Archaeology #MaritimeArchaeology
  • People in Sulawesi may have been habitually using a neuroactive plant as far back as 25,000–16,000 years ago.

A new study in Science Advances examines two preagricultural foragers from South Sulawesi, Indonesia, separated by thousands of years but sharing an unusual dental pattern: deep, rounded, circumferential wear that does not match ordinary chewing. The researchers argue that the wear formed through repeatedly holding, sucking or gently gnawing a small, hard object in different parts of the mouth. 

Using LC-MS, the team detected arecoline—a characteristic alkaloid of areca, or “betel”, nut—in dental samples from both individuals. One came from Leang Bulu Bettue and dates to 25–16 ka; the other, from Leang Cappalombo 1, is associated with deposits dating to around 7.6–6.3 ka. 

This was probably not betel chewing in the form familiar today. Modern betel quid typically combines processed areca nut with slaked lime and other ingredients. To test whether a simpler practice was plausible, the researchers soaked intact areca nuts and applied the resulting solutions to cells expressing human receptors. The experiments showed that intact nuts could release physiologically active arecoline without slaked lime. Combined with the dental wear, chemical residues and experiments support the authors’ interpretation that these foragers habitually sucked whole areca nuts.

For now, the sample is just two individuals, and psuggestions that the nuts were used for stimulation, pain relief or medicinal purposes remain hypotheses. What the study does show is that habitual neuroactive plant use may reach far deeper into the hunter-gatherer past than the archaeological record had previously demonstrated. 

Reference
Brumm et al. 2026. “Betel nut sucking is the earliest recorded evidence for the habitual use of a neuroactive plant drug.” Science Advances.
10.1126/sciadv.aei1901

#SoutheastAsianArchaeology #Sulawesi #IndonesiaArchaeology #Prehistory #BetelNut
  • Twenty-two small beads can preserve the traces of a much larger world of movement and exchange.

A new archaeometric study examines beads excavated in 2023 at Khok Phithak, within the ancient city of Khu Bua in Ratchaburi, central Thailand. Khu Bua was an important urban centre associated with the Dvaravatī cultural sphere, enclosed by earthen ramparts and moats and situated within the Mae Klong river system. 

The researchers analysed 21 glass beads and one chalcedony/agate bead, combining microscopic observations with VP-SEM-EDS, LA-ICP-MS and micro-Raman spectroscopy. Manufacturing traces—including axial colour streaks and elongated bubbles—indicate that most of the glass beads were made by drawing glass into tubes or canes before cutting them into individual beads. 

Their chemistry indicates that nineteen beads belong to the m-Na-Al-1 glass subgroup, consistent with glassmaking traditions documented in South Asia, particularly the wider technological sphere of southern India and Sri Lanka. Together with their manufacturing technique, the authors associate these beads with the large-scale Indo-Pacific beadmaking tradition. 

However, one blue bead, B014, is made from plant-ash soda–lime glass with a broad western Asian affinity—although the study cannot identify a specific production centre. Another remarkable bead, B007, appears to have been wound from recycled iron-smelting slag, suggesting an entirely different production history.

Rather than evidence for primary glassmaking at Khu Bua itself, the authors interpret the assemblage as reflecting an inland centre of consumption and possibly redistribution, connected through maritime and riverine networks to much wider systems of Indian Ocean exchange. 

Reference
Risteka et al. 2026. “Production Technology and Provenance of Dvaravatī Glass Beads from Khu Bua, Central Thailand: An Archaeometric Study.” Heritage 9, 347.
10.3390/heritage9090347

#SoutheastAsianArchaeology #ThailandArchaeology #Dvaravati #KhuBua #ancienttrade
Monday, October 19, 2026
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Metropolitan Museum Returns 16 Khmer Artifacts to Cambodia, Thailand

16 December 2023
in Cambodia, Thailand
Tags: crimeDouglas Latchford (person)Golden BoylootingMetropolitan Museum of ArtmuseumsNew York (city)repatriationroundup
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Source: ICIJ 20231215

Source: ICIJ 20231215

via various sources, 15 December 2023: Big breaking news as The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York will repatriate 16 ancient Khmer statues to Cambodia and Thailand, linked to the illegal antiquities trade of Douglas Latchford. This decision comes amidst a U.S. federal investigation into Latchford’s extensive illicit activities. The Met, having a significant number of Latchford-associated items, cooperated with authorities, ensuring no criminal charges against the museum. This move is celebrated as a vital step in returning cultural treasures to their rightful homes and in rectifying historical wrongs. Many news stories linked below.

New York’s Metropolitan Museum of Art has agreed to return to Cambodia and Thailand 16 ancient Khmer statues linked to illicit antiquities trafficking, the museum announced on Friday.

The museum’s agreement to repatriate the statues comes amid a United States federal investigation into the dealings of Douglas Latchford, an accused antiquities trafficker tied to hundreds of Khmer artifacts taken from sacred sites around Cambodia. The Met, which has held a number of pieces linked to Latchford in its collection, has been cooperating with authorities.

As a part of the agreement governing this latest repatriation, federal prosecutors in Manhattan stated that they will not bring criminal charges against the Met for possessing or transporting the stolen items.

Source: Met to return 16 Khmer relics linked to notorious artifact dealer – ICIJ

U.S. Attorney Damian Williams said: “All of the pieces being returned today were tied directly to illicit trafficking, and specifically to a man named Douglas Latchford – a collector and dealer that my Office charged in 2019 for running a vast antiquities trafficking network out of Southeast Asia. I want to thank the Metropolitan Museum of Art, where these pieces were previously housed, for their decision to cooperate and work with my Office to facilitate the return of these pieces to the Kingdom of Cambodia. We look forward to our continued dialogue with the Met on these important issues. My Office will continue to vigorously investigate the illegal trade in stolen antiquities. We urge those in this space, including cultural institutions, to be vigilant. And if you work at one of these institutions or for a private collection and have concerns that certain pieces may be tied to illicit trafficking, do the right thing: come forward and work with us on a voluntary basis to facilitate the return to the rightful owners. That is a far better outcome for you and your institution than if our investigation leads to a knock on your door. In other words, come see us before we come see you.”

Source: U.S. Attorney Announces Return Of Collection Of Antiquities From The Metropolitan Museum Of Art To Cambodia – United States Attorney’s Office, Southern District of New York

The Metropolitan Museum of Art announced today that it has initiated the return of 14 sculptures to Cambodia and two to Thailand, effectively removing from its collection all Khmer works known by the Museum to be associated with the dealer Douglas Latchford. Mr. Latchford was indicted for selling antiquities illegally in 2019; following his indictment, The Met proactively reached out to the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Southern District of New York and to Cambodian officials, and through this cooperative partnership, the Museum received new information about the sculptures that made it clear that the works should be transferred. The Met and the U.S. Attorney’s Office have since signed an agreement to return these works to Cambodia and Thailand. The Museum is continuing to review its collection of Khmer art and will be exchanging information on sculptures with officials in Cambodia and Thailand as part of that ongoing research.

“The Met has been diligently working with Cambodia and the U.S. Attorney’s Office for years to resolve questions regarding these works of art, and new information that arose from this process made it clear that we should initiate the return of this group of sculptures,” said Max Hollein, the Museum’s Director and Chief Executive Officer. “The Met is pleased to enter into this agreement with the U.S. Attorney’s Office, and greatly values our open dialogue with Cambodia and Thailand. We are committed to pursuing partnerships and collaborations with our colleagues there that will advance the world’s understanding and appreciation of Khmer art, and we look forward to embarking on this new chapter together.”

Source: The Metropolitan Museum of Art Announces the Return of 16 Khmer Sculptures to Cambodia and Thailand – The Met

See also:

  • The Met Will Return 16 Ancient Treasures Tied to Looting | New York Times, 15 Dec 2023
  • Metropolitan Museum of Art returning Cambodian antiquities tied to “illicit trafficking” | CBS News, 15 Dec 2023
  • Metropolitan Museum of Art to return stolen sculptures to Cambodia, Thailand | UPI, 15 Dec 2023
  • Relics tied to alleged smuggler will return to Cambodia, U.S. museum says | Washington Post, 15 Dec 2023
  • The Met to Return 16 Statues to Cambodia and Thailand Over Trafficking Concerns | Wall Street Journal, 15 Dec 2023
  • The Metropolitan Museum of Art to Return 14 Looted Antiquities to Cambodia | The Observer, 15 Dec 2023
  • Metropolitan Museum of Art to return 16 looted sculptures to Cambodia and Thailand | New York Post, 15 Dec 2023
  • The Metropolitan Museum will repatriate 16 Khmer sculptures to Cambodia and Thailand | The Art Newspaper, 16 Dec 2023
  • ‘Soul of our ancestors’: US to return stolen Cambodian treasures | AFP/Yahoo, 16 Dec 2023
  • Met Museum to Return 16 Looted Khmer Artifacts | Hyperallergic, 16 Dec 2023
  • New York’s Metropolitan Museum will return stolen ancient sculptures to Cambodia and Thailand | AP 16 Dec 2023
  • New York’s Met museum returns South-east Asian artifacts tied to looting | Reuters/Straits Times, 16 Dec 2023
  • New York’s Met museum to return Southeast Asian artifacts tied to looting | The Hindu, 16 Dec 2023
  • The Met to return looted ancient artworks to Thailand and Cambodia | BBC, 16 Dec 2023
  • US to return 2 ancient bronze images | Bangkok Post, 17 Dec 2023
  • US museum agrees to return “Golden Boy” statue to Thailand | Thai PBS, 17 Dec 2023
  • Kingdom ready to welcome artefacts home | Phnom Penh Post, 17 Dec 2023
  • Cambodian PM Dr Hun Manet welcomes the return of Cambodian artifacts | Khmer Times, 17 Dec 2023
  • The Metropolitan to Return Pieces to Cambodia | The Collector, 18 Dec 2023
  • Cambodia ready to welcome artefacts home | The Nation, 18 Dec 2023
  • US museum to return 14 Cambodian artefacts | Khmer Times, 18 Dec 2023
  • New York museum to return ‘Golden Boy’, kneeling woman back to Thailand | The Nation, 18 Dec 2023
  • Redemption story: Ex-thief, battling cancer, aids in return of Cambodia’s cultural treasures | WION, 18 Dec 2023
  • The Met Will Repatriate 16 Artifacts to Cambodia and Thailand | The Smithsonian, 19 Dec 2023
  • Metropolitan Museum of Art Will Return 16 Khmer Artifacts to Cambodia and Thailand | ArtNews, 21 Dec 2023

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