• A 4.38-metre-long wooden rudder from the west coast of Sumatra is providing a rare glimpse of Southeast Asian seafaring around 1,300 years ago.

The rudder was recovered at the Bongal Site in Central Tapanuli, North Sumatra. Today the site lies inland, but geomorphological research suggests that in the 7th–8th centuries CE it was part of a shallow bay or estuarine environment.

The quarter rudder was carved from a single log and measures 4.38 metres long. Radiocarbon dating of the wood produced a calibrated date of 656–687 CE, making it the earliest securely dated rudder currently known from Southeast Asia.

Researchers also documented hull planks with raised wooden lugs, dowels and surviving palm-fibre ropes. These suggest that parts of these boats were pegged and tied together—a construction method archaeologists call the Southeast Asian lashed-lug tradition. Differences between the surviving planks even suggest that several vessels may have been present. 

Bongal also produced ceramics, glass, beads and coins pointing to connections with much wider exchange networks. The researchers do not argue that the Bongal boats themselves were making long-distance voyages across the Indian Ocean, but propose that locally constructed vessels formed part of a regional maritime network, moving through rivers and along Sumatra’s coast and connecting communities there to broader systems of exchange.

Reference
Mochtar et al. 2026. “Lashed-Lug Boats from the Bongal Site: New Evidence for Early Maritime Networks on the West Coast of Sumatra.” International Journal of Nautical Archaeology.
10.1080/10572414.2026.2714901

#SoutheastAsianArchaeology #Indonesia #Sumatra #MaritimeArchaeology #NauticalArchaeology
  • Betel, Boats and Border Stones is this week’s Southeast Asian Archaeology Newsletter.⠀
⠀
This issue starts with a fascinating new paper on ancient teeth from South Sulawesi, where unusual dental wear may point to the habitual sucking of whole areca nuts by pre-agricultural foragers.⠀
⠀
Then we move from teeth to timbers: lashed-lug boat remains from Bongal on Sumatra’s west coast, including a 7th-century quarter rudder, add new detail to Southeast Asia’s early maritime networks.⠀
⠀
And yes, there are more boats: Phanom Surin in Thailand and the Butuan boat sites in the Philippines both make appearances this week.⠀
⠀
Plus: Preah Vihear, Koh Ker, Prambanan, Đông Sơn drums, repatriation, digital heritage, and more.⠀
⠀
Read the full issue at the link in bio.⠀
⠀
#SoutheastAsianArchaeology #Archaeology #MaritimeArchaeology
  • People in Sulawesi may have been habitually using a neuroactive plant as far back as 25,000–16,000 years ago.

A new study in Science Advances examines two preagricultural foragers from South Sulawesi, Indonesia, separated by thousands of years but sharing an unusual dental pattern: deep, rounded, circumferential wear that does not match ordinary chewing. The researchers argue that the wear formed through repeatedly holding, sucking or gently gnawing a small, hard object in different parts of the mouth. 

Using LC-MS, the team detected arecoline—a characteristic alkaloid of areca, or “betel”, nut—in dental samples from both individuals. One came from Leang Bulu Bettue and dates to 25–16 ka; the other, from Leang Cappalombo 1, is associated with deposits dating to around 7.6–6.3 ka. 

This was probably not betel chewing in the form familiar today. Modern betel quid typically combines processed areca nut with slaked lime and other ingredients. To test whether a simpler practice was plausible, the researchers soaked intact areca nuts and applied the resulting solutions to cells expressing human receptors. The experiments showed that intact nuts could release physiologically active arecoline without slaked lime. Combined with the dental wear, chemical residues and experiments support the authors’ interpretation that these foragers habitually sucked whole areca nuts.

For now, the sample is just two individuals, and psuggestions that the nuts were used for stimulation, pain relief or medicinal purposes remain hypotheses. What the study does show is that habitual neuroactive plant use may reach far deeper into the hunter-gatherer past than the archaeological record had previously demonstrated. 

Reference
Brumm et al. 2026. “Betel nut sucking is the earliest recorded evidence for the habitual use of a neuroactive plant drug.” Science Advances.
10.1126/sciadv.aei1901

#SoutheastAsianArchaeology #Sulawesi #IndonesiaArchaeology #Prehistory #BetelNut
  • Twenty-two small beads can preserve the traces of a much larger world of movement and exchange.

A new archaeometric study examines beads excavated in 2023 at Khok Phithak, within the ancient city of Khu Bua in Ratchaburi, central Thailand. Khu Bua was an important urban centre associated with the Dvaravatī cultural sphere, enclosed by earthen ramparts and moats and situated within the Mae Klong river system. 

The researchers analysed 21 glass beads and one chalcedony/agate bead, combining microscopic observations with VP-SEM-EDS, LA-ICP-MS and micro-Raman spectroscopy. Manufacturing traces—including axial colour streaks and elongated bubbles—indicate that most of the glass beads were made by drawing glass into tubes or canes before cutting them into individual beads. 

Their chemistry indicates that nineteen beads belong to the m-Na-Al-1 glass subgroup, consistent with glassmaking traditions documented in South Asia, particularly the wider technological sphere of southern India and Sri Lanka. Together with their manufacturing technique, the authors associate these beads with the large-scale Indo-Pacific beadmaking tradition. 

However, one blue bead, B014, is made from plant-ash soda–lime glass with a broad western Asian affinity—although the study cannot identify a specific production centre. Another remarkable bead, B007, appears to have been wound from recycled iron-smelting slag, suggesting an entirely different production history.

Rather than evidence for primary glassmaking at Khu Bua itself, the authors interpret the assemblage as reflecting an inland centre of consumption and possibly redistribution, connected through maritime and riverine networks to much wider systems of Indian Ocean exchange. 

Reference
Risteka et al. 2026. “Production Technology and Provenance of Dvaravatī Glass Beads from Khu Bua, Central Thailand: An Archaeometric Study.” Heritage 9, 347.
10.3390/heritage9090347

#SoutheastAsianArchaeology #ThailandArchaeology #Dvaravati #KhuBua #ancienttrade
  • Small finds, big stories this week.⠀
⠀
The latest Southeast Asian Archaeology newsletter focuses on Thailand, with newly reported rock art, worrying news of looting, and two new papers showing what archaeological science can reveal from humble materials.⠀
⠀
One study looks at prehistoric pottery from Don Up Mung in Nong Bua Lamphu, tracing differences in clay composition, firing and production choices. Another follows glass beads from Khu Bua in Ratchaburi into the wider world of South Asian glassmaking and Indian Ocean exchange.⠀
⠀
Also: a LOT of opportunities this week — jobs, scholarships, courses and calls for papers.⠀
⠀
Link in bio⠀
⠀
#SoutheastAsianArchaeology #Archaeology #CulturalHeritage #ArchaeologicalScience
  • Can inscriptions help reconstruct how a kingdom expanded across a landscape?

King Citrasena (Chitrasen, later known as Mahendravarman) ruled Chenla in the late 6th to early 7th centuries, during a period when Chenla’s influence was extending across parts of what are now Cambodia, Laos and northeastern Thailand. His reign is known partly through inscriptions recording religious foundations, royal achievements and other acts of authority. 

Pailoplee and Khatshima map 21 inscriptions from at least 19 locations associated with Citrasena, and asked if people were moving between these places, which routes would they have taken? To explore this, they use Least Cost Path (LCP) modelling in a GIS. LCP calculates routes that minimise the “cost” of movement across terrain.

In archaeology, this can help identify plausible corridors shaped by features such as slopes, river valleys and mountain barriers. These models show how movement could have been structured by the landscape under the assumptions of the model.

Across several scenarios, the reconstructed paths repeatedly concentrate around major river systems—especially the Mun River—and particular passes through the Phnom Dong Rek (Dangrek) mountain range. The authors also compare the modelled network with archaeological sites attributed to Citrasena’s period, many of which fall along these reconstructed corridors.

Where river navigation would have been difficult (such as the Khone Phapheng Falls), the authors propose that Citrasena’s forces may instead have moved overland along riverbanks, using waterways as natural guides through the landscape.

The placement of several inscriptions near river confluences also suggests that these locations may have been important for controlling movement, communication and exchange, not simply access to water.

Reference
Pailoplee, S. & Khatshima, K. 2026. “The role of King Chitrasen (Mahendravarman) in the expansion of the Chenla Kingdom: A study of inscriptions and historical geography.” Social Sciences & Humanities Open 14, 103503.
10.1016/j.ssaho.2026.103503

#SoutheastAsianArchaeology #Cambodia #Thailand #Laos #Chenla
  • Sometimes the biggest archaeological questions depend on evidence we cannot see during excavation.

Microarchaeology investigates archaeological deposits at microscopic and microstratigraphic scales. In Southeast Asia, this can be especially valuable because monsoonal wetness, tropical weathering, intensive land use and complex depositional histories can affect how archaeological evidence survives. 

Researchers can examine the surrounding sediment for traces of past activity and later disturbance. Methods discussed in this new paper include sediment micromorphology, laboratory micro-excavation, high-resolution imaging, FTIR microscopy and SEM-EDS. Depending on the context, microscopic evidence can help identify burning, trampling, plant processing, sediment movement and environmental change. 

The importance of that context is illustrated by work in northern Laos. At Tam Ngu Hao 2, microstratigraphy was used alongside lithological observations and dating to establish the stratigraphic context of Denisovan fossil evidence. At Tam Pà Ling, it has shown potential for investigating environmental seasonality and possible patterns of early modern human presence. These methods help archaeologists understand what happened to a deposit before drawing conclusions from what it contains.
 
The paper also introduces the Australian Microarchaeology and Palaeosciences Facility (AusMAP) and argues for greater collaboration, training and locally based microarchaeological expertise across Southeast Asia. 

Reference:
Hernandez et al. 2026. Scaling down to look further back: Southeast Asia, deep-time science and microarchaeology. SPAFA Journal 10.
10.26721/spafajournal.651369a4y8 

#SoutheastAsianArchaeology #Archaeology #Microarchaeology #Geoarchaeology #ArchaeologicalScience
  • This week on Southeast Asian Archaeology: claims, contexts and careful reading.⠀
⠀
With Malaysia’s National Day, Vietnam’s National Day, Timor-Leste’s Popular Consultation Day, and International Literacy Day all close together, I’m thinking about literacy not just as reading words, but reading evidence: museum labels, old spellings, dates, maps, artefacts, archives, and the occasional viral post with a raised eyebrow.⠀
⠀
The catalyst this week is the recent controversy over historical claims in Malaysia, alongside a timely RSIS piece on how historians, archaeologists, archivists, librarians and curators can help push back against disinformation. Not by attacking people, but by helping everyone ask better questions of the past.⠀
⠀
Also in this week’s issue: Penang’s historical Malay spellings, Cambodia’s new artefact database grant, Singapore’s revised History Gallery, UNESCO’s maritime museum project, new research on Sundadonty, Roti Island, Chenla inscriptions, ancient Myanmar, and more.⠀
⠀
Link in bio.⠀
⠀
#SoutheastAsianArchaeology #Archaeology #Heritage #InformationLiteracy
  • How old are the rock paintings of Mainland Southeast Asia? 🎨🪨

A new study from Mangguan in Yunnan, southwestern China, provides another important piece of the puzzle.

Using uranium-thorium dating, researchers analysed tiny calcite deposits that had formed over the paintings. Because the calcite must be younger than the pigment underneath, the dates provide a minimum age for the art. One deposit covering a human figure shows that the painting was already there at least 4,220 years ago.

Mangguan is particularly interesting because it lies only about 15 km from the better-known Cangyuan rock art complex. The two have stylistic similarities and overlapping dates, suggesting they formed part of a broader regional rock art tradition, a comparison can be taken farther south.

The rock paintings at Pha Taem in Luang Prabang, Laos, have previously been compared with Cangyuan, raising intriguing questions about relationships between the rock art traditions of southwestern China and Mainland Southeast Asia.

Most rock art in Mainland Southeast Asia remains poorly dated, so dates like those from Mangguan give us increasingly useful chronological anchors for thinking about these connections.

References:
Wu, Y. et al. 2026. U-Th dating of rock paintings in southwestern China: minimum age of ~4.2 ka BP at the Mangguan site. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 74, 105987. DOI: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2026.105987.

Bo, X. 2020. On the relationship between the Cangyuan rock art in Yunnan, China, and the Pha Taem rock art in Laos. Rock Art Research 37(2).

Tan, N.H. 2018. The Cliff Paintings of Pha Taem, Luang Prabang, Lao PDR. Rock Art Research 35(1).

#RockArt #SoutheastAsianArchaeology #Yunnan #China
  • Extraordinary claims about the past can be exciting. But how do we tell an exciting new hypothesis from pseudoarchaeology?

Recent controversy in Malaysia over claims that ancient Malays taught the Romans shipbuilding provides a useful case study. Rather than piling on the person behind the claims, I think there is a more useful question to ask: how would we actually test an idea like this?

Archaeology gives us some simple tools.

Do the dates work? What is the primary evidence? Does the evidence actually demonstrate the connection being claimed? Are there better explanations? And perhaps most importantly: what evidence would make us reject the hypothesis?

Ancient Southeast Asians really were sophisticated seafarers. Srivijaya really was one of Asia’s great maritime powers. Sungai Batu really does preserve remarkable evidence for early iron production.

None of those achievements needs embellishment to make Southeast Asian archaeology extraordinary.

Swipe through for five questions you can use the next time you encounter an astonishing claim about the ancient past.

🚩 Remember: possibility is not evidence, similarity does not necessarily mean transmission, and extraordinary claims still have to survive ordinary archaeological scrutiny.

Read more about the archaeology behind these claims in this week’s Southeast Asian Archaeology Newsletter.

#SoutheastAsianArchaeology #Pseudoarchaeology #Malaysia #MaritimeArchaeology #MediaLiteracy
Saturday, September 19, 2026
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A tale of two cities – Raimy Che Ross’ side

28 April 2006
in Malaysia
Tags: Johor (state)Kota Gelanggi (site)National Museum of Malaysia (Muzium Negara)Raimy Che Ross (person)
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15 Jun 2005 (malaysiakini.com) – Raimy Che Ross shares his (different) side of the story behind the lost city of Johor.

Discovery insight: Dumber and dumber

Somewhere in the underground vaults of a Jabatan Kerajaan’s Swedenborgian space, lurk two files; one marked “Gelanggi”; the other, “Linggui”.

The folder with “Linggui” scribbled over its cover should, by now, be about half a yard thick and bursting at its spine. Stuffed within are presumably minutes to clandestine meetings, press clippings, confidential memos, dodgy expedition plans, nefarious schemes, plus the frantic drafts of the forthcoming Cabinet Report due in August.

The other binder, bearing “Gelanggi” across its surface, would in comparison be quite a slim file. It would contain nothing more than a few personal letters and printed e-mails written by yours truly, my CV, perhaps copies of the JMBRAS article, and my original draft proposal for a proper follow-up expedition to validate the find.

Reason for the disparity?

Bolehlah-land buffoonery.

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Comments 11

  1. vijay says:
    16 years ago

    going soon on xp to k.g.ope to dust of some speculation.

  2. Kumarasen, Malaysia says:
    16 years ago

    the truth is out there. why Kota gelanggi has not been pursued. jUST BECAUSE IT WOULD BRING THE TRUTH THAT HINDU & BUDHIST FAITH EXISTED BEFORE ISLAM. JUST LOOK AT WHT THE M’SIAN GOV HAD DONE TO LEMBAH BUJANG.

  3. yellowcat says:
    16 years ago

    yes. like india ruled by the moguls until the british saved the parias.. hindus were long lost then, most of them changed to christianity to redefine their parianess.. my great respect to mahatma gandhi, though he is a hindu, he is my hero.. he died as a hindu, but he fought for all. don’t hate me, it’s the truth!

    oh btw, not all malays are muslim. when they convert to islam, they inherited the arab jahilia attitute. they became asian arabs wannabe. also, malays has a crossbreed religion in between hindu and buddha before islam. these religions shared by many but not owned. remember, they were invaded by raja chola from southern india. (is he a black hindu or white or brown? does this matter to you? if not, very good then.)

    it racial kind of claims that sides between us..

    i’m a malay and i’m willing to share in peace. the problem is that we are sharing with people who won’t share with us.. don’t talk about the same workload when your real god is money or greed.

    wassallam. may allah bless you and your family regardless of who you are and what race or country you came from.

  4. AK says:
    16 years ago

    Hey Yellow cat,

    For ur info u should know that hindus are pariah, they did convert to christian at the same convert to muslim as well..

    maybe ur ancesstor convert from pariah too.. check ur background b4 call all hindus pariah… u bastard. Read the moguls history b4 comment.

  5. Sam Paya says:
    16 years ago

    AK,

    Why so unreasonable? Read what Utusan Melayu reported:

    “…”Isu penemuan Kota Gelanggi di Johor pada tahun 2003 perlu dilihat sebagai kehebatan sejarah. Ia sebenarnya mempunyai sinonim dan ironinya dengan negeri Pahang kerana di negeri itu juga mempunyai sebuah tempat yang dikenali sebagai Kota Gelanggi.

    ”Kita perlu menyusur dan mencari penemuan baru ini kerana ia adalah khazanah yang tersembunyi dan artifak berharga yang boleh menyingkap kehidupan lampau di negara ini,” katanya.

    http://utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2008&dt=0515&pub=Utusan_Malaysia&sec=Selatan&pg=ws_07.htm

  6. Airata says:
    15 years ago

    For you info Kuching kurap yellowcat or Saiful cat nthat doesn`t matter.There is no history for Malays,there learned their civilzation from the the Hindus for 1000 years.Why do you go around the Kaaba 7 times wherelse in your Kg Mosque you don`t even go around it for atlest 1 time.Where do you think your wedding Bersanding come from.Hindu have their own culture and way of life but not the Melayu ,semua tumpang tetapi loyar burok.What was the actual 3 original Malay words,if not mistaken—padi,besi and babi.Believe the facts and don`t be shy and say I got no father just because he is not handsome poor man,

  7. cool-aid says:
    15 years ago

    i think they could not find it. if you read what Raimy Che Ross has said here http://www.remotesensing.gov.my/tmspublisher/images/default/news_cutting/2005%20-%20Malaysia/Tracking%20down%20Kota%20Gelanggi%20-%20The%20Star,%204%20February%202005,%20page%204.pdf
    you will understand why the city could not be found.
    Raimy himself were lucky to find the path on his last day of searching and even he could not be able to continue the journey.
    Lastly, i read everything all of you posted here. Look, why calling each other names, why wanna maki maki here? Nobody wants to hide if they find these wonderful findings. So what if hinduism/buddhism were here first? Why feel like history being erased? Please do not bring racism and religion into this. All you feckshit are turning me into a racist.

  8. Sam Paya says:
    15 years ago

    Remi could well find it but that depends on the blocks they install against one and all. With the full Establishment in the way, the pursuit will have to take a new form and breath.

    For the time being the full might of the Media, all means, all avenues are tapped. In some ways it’s like the ET, people believe, the US government is hiding.

    You can’t hide the truth but you can make disbelieve it with all the tools available.

  9. kumarasen says:
    15 years ago

    If you visit Bujang Valley, they show you a mocking structure which the authorities claim to be unearthed in that area. U are not allowed to venture into the real site. We Hindus in Malaysia believe that the Truth is out there.

    There was a claim in Malaysiakini in 2008 or 2009 that it is a restricted area and a water reservoir for the Republic Of Singapore government.

    The man has claimed he has seen structures of buildings submerged in the water reservoir.

  10. Thomas lee says:
    14 years ago

    I believe this lost fortress exist like those temples at 
    http://turbinemanlog.blogspot.com/2012/08/bujang-valley-archaeological-museum.html  Bujang Valley

  11. Jo Jarit says:
    14 years ago

    wow… i read thru the blog…but i’ll have to suggest that the archeologist who wrote some of those description might need to revise some… some findings you which might be able to find in Angkor Wat, Cambodia; temples in Nha Trang, Vietnam as well.. and the description is somehow different and misleading… attached are Lingga n Yoni..

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