• Can inscriptions help reconstruct how a kingdom expanded across a landscape?

King Citrasena (Chitrasen, later known as Mahendravarman) ruled Chenla in the late 6th to early 7th centuries, during a period when Chenla’s influence was extending across parts of what are now Cambodia, Laos and northeastern Thailand. His reign is known partly through inscriptions recording religious foundations, royal achievements and other acts of authority. 

Pailoplee and Khatshima map 21 inscriptions from at least 19 locations associated with Citrasena, and asked if people were moving between these places, which routes would they have taken? To explore this, they use Least Cost Path (LCP) modelling in a GIS. LCP calculates routes that minimise the “cost” of movement across terrain.

In archaeology, this can help identify plausible corridors shaped by features such as slopes, river valleys and mountain barriers. These models show how movement could have been structured by the landscape under the assumptions of the model.

Across several scenarios, the reconstructed paths repeatedly concentrate around major river systems—especially the Mun River—and particular passes through the Phnom Dong Rek (Dangrek) mountain range. The authors also compare the modelled network with archaeological sites attributed to Citrasena’s period, many of which fall along these reconstructed corridors.

Where river navigation would have been difficult (such as the Khone Phapheng Falls), the authors propose that Citrasena’s forces may instead have moved overland along riverbanks, using waterways as natural guides through the landscape.

The placement of several inscriptions near river confluences also suggests that these locations may have been important for controlling movement, communication and exchange, not simply access to water.

Reference
Pailoplee, S. & Khatshima, K. 2026. “The role of King Chitrasen (Mahendravarman) in the expansion of the Chenla Kingdom: A study of inscriptions and historical geography.” Social Sciences & Humanities Open 14, 103503.
10.1016/j.ssaho.2026.103503

#SoutheastAsianArchaeology #Cambodia #Thailand #Laos #Chenla
  • Sometimes the biggest archaeological questions depend on evidence we cannot see during excavation.

Microarchaeology investigates archaeological deposits at microscopic and microstratigraphic scales. In Southeast Asia, this can be especially valuable because monsoonal wetness, tropical weathering, intensive land use and complex depositional histories can affect how archaeological evidence survives. 

Researchers can examine the surrounding sediment for traces of past activity and later disturbance. Methods discussed in this new paper include sediment micromorphology, laboratory micro-excavation, high-resolution imaging, FTIR microscopy and SEM-EDS. Depending on the context, microscopic evidence can help identify burning, trampling, plant processing, sediment movement and environmental change. 

The importance of that context is illustrated by work in northern Laos. At Tam Ngu Hao 2, microstratigraphy was used alongside lithological observations and dating to establish the stratigraphic context of Denisovan fossil evidence. At Tam Pà Ling, it has shown potential for investigating environmental seasonality and possible patterns of early modern human presence. These methods help archaeologists understand what happened to a deposit before drawing conclusions from what it contains.
 
The paper also introduces the Australian Microarchaeology and Palaeosciences Facility (AusMAP) and argues for greater collaboration, training and locally based microarchaeological expertise across Southeast Asia. 

Reference:
Hernandez et al. 2026. Scaling down to look further back: Southeast Asia, deep-time science and microarchaeology. SPAFA Journal 10.
10.26721/spafajournal.651369a4y8 

#SoutheastAsianArchaeology #Archaeology #Microarchaeology #Geoarchaeology #ArchaeologicalScience
  • This week on Southeast Asian Archaeology: claims, contexts and careful reading.⠀
⠀
With Malaysia’s National Day, Vietnam’s National Day, Timor-Leste’s Popular Consultation Day, and International Literacy Day all close together, I’m thinking about literacy not just as reading words, but reading evidence: museum labels, old spellings, dates, maps, artefacts, archives, and the occasional viral post with a raised eyebrow.⠀
⠀
The catalyst this week is the recent controversy over historical claims in Malaysia, alongside a timely RSIS piece on how historians, archaeologists, archivists, librarians and curators can help push back against disinformation. Not by attacking people, but by helping everyone ask better questions of the past.⠀
⠀
Also in this week’s issue: Penang’s historical Malay spellings, Cambodia’s new artefact database grant, Singapore’s revised History Gallery, UNESCO’s maritime museum project, new research on Sundadonty, Roti Island, Chenla inscriptions, ancient Myanmar, and more.⠀
⠀
Link in bio.⠀
⠀
#SoutheastAsianArchaeology #Archaeology #Heritage #InformationLiteracy
  • How old are the rock paintings of Mainland Southeast Asia? 🎨🪨

A new study from Mangguan in Yunnan, southwestern China, provides another important piece of the puzzle.

Using uranium-thorium dating, researchers analysed tiny calcite deposits that had formed over the paintings. Because the calcite must be younger than the pigment underneath, the dates provide a minimum age for the art. One deposit covering a human figure shows that the painting was already there at least 4,220 years ago.

Mangguan is particularly interesting because it lies only about 15 km from the better-known Cangyuan rock art complex. The two have stylistic similarities and overlapping dates, suggesting they formed part of a broader regional rock art tradition, a comparison can be taken farther south.

The rock paintings at Pha Taem in Luang Prabang, Laos, have previously been compared with Cangyuan, raising intriguing questions about relationships between the rock art traditions of southwestern China and Mainland Southeast Asia.

Most rock art in Mainland Southeast Asia remains poorly dated, so dates like those from Mangguan give us increasingly useful chronological anchors for thinking about these connections.

References:
Wu, Y. et al. 2026. U-Th dating of rock paintings in southwestern China: minimum age of ~4.2 ka BP at the Mangguan site. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 74, 105987. DOI: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2026.105987.

Bo, X. 2020. On the relationship between the Cangyuan rock art in Yunnan, China, and the Pha Taem rock art in Laos. Rock Art Research 37(2).

Tan, N.H. 2018. The Cliff Paintings of Pha Taem, Luang Prabang, Lao PDR. Rock Art Research 35(1).

#RockArt #SoutheastAsianArchaeology #Yunnan #China
  • Extraordinary claims about the past can be exciting. But how do we tell an exciting new hypothesis from pseudoarchaeology?

Recent controversy in Malaysia over claims that ancient Malays taught the Romans shipbuilding provides a useful case study. Rather than piling on the person behind the claims, I think there is a more useful question to ask: how would we actually test an idea like this?

Archaeology gives us some simple tools.

Do the dates work? What is the primary evidence? Does the evidence actually demonstrate the connection being claimed? Are there better explanations? And perhaps most importantly: what evidence would make us reject the hypothesis?

Ancient Southeast Asians really were sophisticated seafarers. Srivijaya really was one of Asia’s great maritime powers. Sungai Batu really does preserve remarkable evidence for early iron production.

None of those achievements needs embellishment to make Southeast Asian archaeology extraordinary.

Swipe through for five questions you can use the next time you encounter an astonishing claim about the ancient past.

🚩 Remember: possibility is not evidence, similarity does not necessarily mean transmission, and extraordinary claims still have to survive ordinary archaeological scrutiny.

Read more about the archaeology behind these claims in this week’s Southeast Asian Archaeology Newsletter.

#SoutheastAsianArchaeology #Pseudoarchaeology #Malaysia #MaritimeArchaeology #MediaLiteracy
  • A 4,000-year-old painted stone from Wetar Island may change how we understand the Austronesian story.⠀
⠀
Archaeologists excavating Huknaur 1 in Southeast Indonesia found a painted plaque with a red sun-ray motif linked to the Austronesian Painting Tradition — a wider visual tradition known from eastern Indonesia and nearby islands.⠀
⠀
What makes this find so important is that the plaque appears to be older than the first pottery at the site. That means a shared symbolic tradition may have been present before the full Neolithic package usually associated with Austronesian expansion. This discovery suggests that ideas, symbols, and identity may have travelled ahead of pottery.⠀
⠀
It is a reminder that the spread of people goes beyond tools, crops, or ceramics, and may also have been about belief, belonging, and a shared visual language carried across the sea.⠀
⠀
Swipe through to see why this small object has such big implications.⠀
⠀
Reference:⠀
O’Connor, S., Kealy, S., Kaharudin, H.A.F., et al. (2026). 4000-year-old painted plaque from Southeast Indonesia reveals Austronesian Painting Tradition preceded Neolithic pottery. PNAS 123(34): e2611580123.⠀
⠀
#SoutheastAsianArchaeology #RockArt #Austronesian #Indonesia #Wetar #SoutheastAsia #IslandSoutheastAsia #AustronesianPaintingTradition
  • Plaques, Ponds and Provenance⠀
⠀
This week’s newsletter begins with a 4,000-year-old painted plaque from Wetar Island — a small object with a big story.⠀
⠀
The plaque carries a red sun-like motif linked to the Austronesian Painting Tradition, and it appears before pottery at the site. That suggests visual symbols and shared ideas may have moved through maritime Southeast Asia before some of the usual archaeological markers we associate with Austronesian expansion.⠀
⠀
Also this week: archaeology beneath Angkor’s Sras Srang, suspected Ban Chiang artefacts offered for return from Switzerland, and more heritage news from across the region.⠀
⠀
Link in bio.
  • How do you make a 3-metre stone stand upright for centuries?

At Hintang in northern Laos, archaeologists are beginning to answer that question.

In 2025, a Lao-Australian team excavated Site 7A — the first excavation at a Hintang standing-stone site in around 90 years. Beneath the surface, they found that the stones had been set deeply into pits, with smaller rocks packed around their bases to stabilise them. Roughly one-third of each standing stone was buried underground.

One big question remains, though — how old are the Hintang stones?

Samples were collected for dating, but those results are still being analysed. So, for now, we understand a little more about how these monuments were built.

📖 Shewan, L., O’Reilly, D., Armstrong, B. & Butphachit, A. (2026). “Surveys of Hintang standing stone sites and excavations at Site 7A, Houaphanh, Lao PDR.” Antiquity.
doi: 10.15184/aqy.2026.10408

#Archaeology #SoutheastAsianArchaeology #Laos #Megaliths #Hintang #AncientTechnology #ArchaeologicalResearch #Heritage #NewResearch
  • Angkor’s water system is famous for its scale: enormous reservoirs, long canals, and monumental engineering.⠀
⠀
New research by archaeologist Sarah Klassen highlights how Angkor’s agricultural system also depended on more than 1,000 local temple communities spread across the Greater Angkor Region. These communities helped organise labour, manage local water systems, and coordinate rice production - and suggests that Angkor’s success was built through a combination of top-down and bottom-up management.⠀
⠀
The state created the large hydraulic framework. Local communities adapted to it, expanded around it, and helped make the wider agricultural landscape function.⠀
⠀
Over time, however, this balance changed. Land and resources became increasingly concentrated, the system became more centralised, and some of the flexibility that had helped Angkor cope with earlier environmental stress may have been lost.⠀
⠀
Beyond its temples and kings, Angkor
  • New Evidence from the Southeast Asian Borderlands⠀
⠀
This week in Southeast Asian Archaeology: new dates, new methods, and some wonderfully untidy timelines.⠀
⠀
🪨 Uranium-thorium dating pushes the Mangguan rock paintings in Yunnan back to at least 4,220 years ago⠀
 🥁 AI-assisted restoration takes on damaged imagery on Guangxi bronze drums⠀
 🌾 New work at Angkor asks how infrastructure, local communities and water management shaped resilience⠀
 🗿 Lao-Australian fieldwork maps and excavates the enigmatic Hintang standing stones⠀
⠀
Plus archaeology and heritage news from across Southeast Asia, new research, opportunities, and more.⠀
⠀
I’ve also started experimenting with short visual explainers of new archaeology papers here on Instagram — so follow along if you like your archaeology with fewer footnotes and more pixels.⠀
⠀
Read the latest SEAArch newsletter via the link in bio.⠀
⠀
#Archaeology #SoutheastAsianArchaeology #SoutheastAsia #RockArt #Angkor #Laos #Yunnan #Heritage #ArchaeologicalResearch #DigitalHeritage
Sunday, September 6, 2026
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Reverse evolution theory about the Johor Bigfoot

30 June 2006
in Malaysia
Tags: cryptozoologyHomo erectushuman evolutionJohor (state)Johor BigfootPerak Manprehistory
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30 June 2006 (New Straits Times) – More news on the Johor Bigfoot, with a paleontology scientist conjuecturing that the Johor Bigfoot may have been/be a homo erectus who has undergone reverse evolution. It seems to me at this point that the news is still too sensational, as the conjecture is remains what it is: a conjecture, and nothing conclusive has been made. Stay tuned for this saga to unfold!

Reverse evolution theory about the Johor Bigfoot

The Johor Bigfoot could be a Homo erectus that had undergone “reverse evolution”.

Sean Ang, a scientist from Kuala Lumpur who had analysed the prehistoric Perak Man excavated by Universiti Sains Malaysia in 1994, said based on evidence compiled about the creature by biodiversity researcher Vincent Chow, he thought the creature might have been in existence for more than 65,000 years.

“I concur with Chow’s findings that this could be an unknown species that went through reverse evolution to end up as a less intelligent creature than Peking Man, who could use fire and tools.

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Comments 9

  1. Liz says:
    20 years ago

    It’s amusing how the reverse evolution theory is based upon footprints.
    Also the report is contradictory as one paragraph says “Ang was invited by Chow to discuss evidence that the latter had compiled, including clear photographs of footprints.” and another one says
    “”There is also no clear photograph or evidence to guide researchers.”
    So are there clear photos or not?!

  2. Liz says:
    20 years ago

    Forgot to say in my above comment that there was another article on bigfoot in NST 25 June.

    New clues emerge in Bigfoot search
    25 Jun 2006

    —————————————
    MUAR: New clues have been found that may lead to the discovery of the Johor Bigfoot.

    The Johor Government’s Bigfoot research steering committee is in the process of verifying the clues which would, hopefully, provide some answers.

    There had been claims of sightings of the elusive giant hominid in recent months.

    State Tourism and Environment committee chairman Freddie Long said he would rather not talk about the clues until the verification process by experts was completed.

    The scientific expedition to search for Bigfoot, which was originally scheduled to begin in April, had been postponed due to the rainy season.

    Long said the committee would decide on the location for the expedition based on the information it had received.

    “We do not want to carry out the expedition in a hasty manner as getting information on the matter will give us a better chance of discovering Bigfoot,” he said after opening the Muar MCA Bakri division annual delegates assembly here on Friday night.

  3. Liz says:
    20 years ago

    I’ve just found the article which says that only single , leftside footprints have been found. Does this mean that bigfoot has undergone reverse evolution and just walks on one leg???

    Quote:
    Mohd Nazri noted that each time the footprints were discovered, it seemed to belong to the left foot.

    He also said that the prints were always single and neither droppings nor fur were found.

    THE STAR
    Nation
    Friday March 10, 2006

    Bigfoot jungle escort

    By MEERA VIJAYAN and FARIK ZOLKEPLI

    KOTA TINGGI: Fisherman Mohd Nazri Shaari is the most sought-after man among locals and foreigners in search of Bigfoot.

    The 41-year-old with about 15 years’ experience moving about in the jungle, has so far taken investigators and research groups from the United States, Japan, Britain and Singapore into the jungles around Kg Mawai Lama.

    Mohd Nazri does not have a fixed fee structure but usually collects between RM200 and RM1,300 from each group.

    IT WAS THIS BIG!: Mohd Nazri showing the size of the footprint he saw
    “The fee is for boat rental, fuel and payment for guides,” he said during an interview here yesterday.

    “Many foreigners and locals ask to be taken to the location where I found Bigfoot’s footprints. They have been quite generous in rewarding me for my services,” he said, adding that he owned about 20 small boats.

    Mohd Nazri said the expeditions stretched from a few hours to several days.

    Mohd Nazri first stumbled upon the footprints when fishing with his friend in January.

    “That was the first time I had ever seen such prints before,” he said, adding that he was not sure whether it belonged to Bigfoot.

    “I can’t confirm that they belong to Bigfoot. However, the footprint is unusual and much bigger than that of any other animal I know,” he said.

    Mohd Nazri noted that each time the footprints were discovered, it seemed to belong to the left foot.

    He also said that the prints were always single and neither droppings nor fur were found.

    The Bigfoot mania, which started following recent eyewitness reports and the discovery of large footprints in the jungles of Johor, has stirred interest among the public.

    The latest episode attracted such international interest that the state government decided to bar foreigners from searching for the mythical creature.

    State officials had sent expedition teams into the jungle while independent bio-researchers conducted their own studies to track down the elusive Bigfoot.

    The latest team returned on Saturday without much success. Another expedition is slated for next month.

  4. noelbynature says:
    20 years ago

    hahaha. maybe it’s a product of the reverse engineering! the johor bigfoot has evolved to such a state that it only needs one leg to travel! or maybe the johor bigfoot is a really bad dancer, ie it has two left feet.
    (okay, that was really corny.)

  5. DIH says:
    19 years ago

    I believe bigfoot is a real creature. I don’t think Johor ever had any evidence of the creature, the entire reason for them claiming to have evidence was to boost tourism. I also believe that if they actually had evidence at the time they said they did it would’ve been released. I’ve not allways thought bigfoot was real until I actually decided to look into it myself, mainly for entertainment purposes. The Patterson Bigfoot film, in my humble opinion, is a real animal. REAL anatomy and anthropological EXPERTS(Krantz, Meldrom, Goodall, etc.)who look at the film and actually measure limb proportions and walking gait all come to the same conclusion, the Patterson film in authintic. These people are again anthro and anatomy experts not “bigfoot experts” as some say in an attempt to shame those with experiences. Have people came forward claiming to have worn the suit? Yes, lots, none of whom know the filming location, where the suit is, or are even consistent with their stories as to who made the outfit or if it was one peice or multiple peices.
    Consider this, Gorillas were held in the same regard as bigfoot until the 1950’s when they were discovered. Patterson filmed bigfoot in the 1960s depicting an animal that has arms nearly if not longer than its legs, a rump that resembles a gorillas, a crest on the top of its head, nipples, scars, muscle movement in the chest while swinging its arms(look), movement of facial musicals (raises right eyebrow), and can actually be seen opening its mouth as it turns to look at the camera. Man, that sure is one complex gorilla suit with a lot of features shared by gorillas that at the time were not well known.
    I also find it interesting that there’ve been myths of giant apes throughout eastern Asia and the Western Americas for hundreds if not thousands of years before evidence of Gigantopihicus blacki was found in Asia, a giant ape that most think could have easily migrated into North America across a frozen patch of the Atlantic ocean that conected the two continents durring this animals time. Native Americans also have myths that describe giant apes living in mountains that stink badly, sounds strikingly like mountain gorillas to me.
    As far as bigfoot expeditions go, they’re pathetic. You send untrained individuals who veiw their expedition more as a hoby than work into the woods for a night and expect to find an elusive primate. It takes weeks of traking to locate wild gorillas in the jungle and we kow they are real. You can’t expect to find an intelligent, shy, and nocturnal ape by walking around with loads of light and blasting sounds of other animals over a P.A., that would ward off any animal. I wish that the scientific comunity would stop being a bunch of dicks thinking they know everything, when they don’t, and at least conduct a REAL scientific investigation.

  6. DIH says:
    19 years ago

    I actually just found pictures of the male and female bigfoots Chow took in Johor, FAKE!!! Now look at those “scientific” photos (found by searching “Chow Bigfoot hoax” on google images) and compare them to the Patterson film that was made nearly 50 years ago and ask yourself which of the two look authintic, also consider the advances in make-up and costume we’ve acheived since Patterson filmed his Bigfoot.

  7. DIH says:
    19 years ago

    As someone who has taken Bio Anthropology classes at Ball Sate University in Muncie Indiana I’m pretty sure things can’t “de-evolve.” This “theory” matches closely to the work of Linneaus, who thought that aquired traits in an organisms lifetime lead to evolution. This was proven to be false a LONG time ago by the work of Mendel, Darwin, and Wallace. To say that evolution is casued by aquired traits would be like saying if a mother lost a limb any child she gave birth to after her limb loss would also be missing the same limb, BOGUS! This is fundamentally the same as saying that because Homo Erectus had a wild environment it simply reverse evolved into a more primitive ape.
    For something to evolve the genes must be present. An organism can’t “reverse evolve” to an earlier type because the genes that made the earlier species what it was has been mated out of the current organism. Do some species APPEAR to “reverse evolve?” Yes, for example domesticated pigs left in the wild will take on a wild apperance, hell anything will, if I was left in the woods my hair would grow, so would my nails, and I’d be dirty. The point to me saying they APPEAR to “reverse evolve” is just that, they only appear to but in reality they’re just taking on their natural appearance.
    Is “reverse evolution” even a real scientific term? I mean, in all the college science classes I’ve taken(including bio, bio chem, chem, physics, and bio anthropology) I have never heard the term. Of course I don’t have a doctorate like Chow, but then again this might just be some of that good ol’ fashioned dick elitist behavior so many scientists seem to have.

  8. kho says:
    17 years ago

    honestly i believe that “bigfoot” is a reletive of the primates also being a generation of man, lower down on the evolutionary path perhaps “bigfoot”> primates > MAN….. being there is lil evidence of the creature could mean they are the las or wer the last of there kind ie: extinct or on the verge of extinction…..

  9. andrew fearn says:
    17 years ago

    waht rubbish you idiot – sorry but yo know nowt

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